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Assimilation, Exploitation & Discrimination: The Unenviable Fate of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples_我的网站

A |     Pope Francis’s July 24-29 tour of Canada included a long-overdue apology to Native Canadians for the Catholic Church’s central role in abuses perpetrated at the country’s network of residential schools.,The notorious boarding school system was funded and organized by Canada’s federal government and run by Catholic and Protestant churches. It oversaw the forceful and systematic assimilation, abuse, enslavement and even murder of Native Canadian boys and girls from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries. It was a particularly brutal and cruel, but by no means first or only, tool of oppression experienced by indigenous peoples during the European colonialists’ history in North America.,“I am here because the first step of my penitential pilgrimage among you is that of again asking forgiveness, of telling you once more that I am deeply sorry. Sorry for the ways in which, regrettably, many Christians supported the colonizing mentality of the powers that oppressed the indigenous peoples. I am sorry. I ask for forgiveness, in particular, for the ways in which many members of the Church and of religious communities cooperated, not least through their indifference, in projects of cultural destruction and forced assimilation promoted by the governments of that time, which culminated in the system of residential schools,” Francis said at the former site of the Ermineskin Residential School in Maskwacis, Alberta on July 25.,The pope assured his apology was “only the first step” of “a serious investigation into the facts of what took place in the past and to assist the survivors of the residential schools to experience healing from the traumas they suffered.”,Pope Francis Holds Mass in Quebec During Visit to Canada to Apologize to Indigenous Community28 July, 13:01 GMT,Assimilation,More than 150,000 Native children passed through the residential school system over its 160+ year history. Children were prohibited, often by physical punishment, from speaking their native languages, having their ancestors’ religious concepts replaced with Christianity, and facing their cultural traditions and social norms substituted for those of the colonialists.,The first experimental residential school was opened in Brantford, Ontario, in 1833, but the system only became a federally-mandated, national, industrial-scale tool of subjugation in the 1880s after Sir John A Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, ordered the commissioning of a report on the residential school system model being operated in the United States.,The report, entitled ‘Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds’, became the basis for Canadian state-church cooperation in solving the Indian “problem” by removing indigenous children from the influences passed down to them by their communities and family units.,© WikipediaIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest Territories© Wikipedia,Along with forced assimilation, students were subjected to other forms of torment, including sexual abuse by priests and teachers, forced labor, and slavery. As of 2021, the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation has been able to identify 4,117 documented deaths of First Nations, Inuit and Metis children in residential schools. However, new graves continue to be discovered, and former Truth and Reconciliation Commissioner Murray Sinclair estimates that more than 6,000 children may have died in the residential school system over the period of its operation.,In his bombshell 2016 book “Murder by Decree: the Crime of Genocide in Canada,” writer and former United Church of Canada reverend Kevin Annett challenged the NCTR over its conservative estimates on the residential school deaths, detailing the commission’s suppression of eyewitness testimony and archival documentation, and estimating that the true death toll may have run in the tens of thousands. Annett documented how the system included a monthly “death quota” and involved the use of germ warfare, and believes that as many as 50,000 children may have perished in the residential school network.,Exploitation,Residential schools were by no means the first instance of settlers’ mistreatment of Canada’s indigenous population, with Britain’s victory against the French in the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War of 1754-1763 sealing their fate of subjugation and colonial land grabs, as well as the relentless and cynical exploitation of the most loyal tribes.,At the conclusion of the war in 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation declaring all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and the colonies of what would ultimately become the early United States as Native territories, outlawing their settlement or purchase by colonialists, and requiring treaty negotiations for any changes to the arrangement. In Canada –organized from the remnants of New France under the name ‘Quebec’, lands to the west and north of the colony were proclaimed Indian territory.,Centuries later, scholars continue to fiercely debate the correct interpretation of the proclamation, and whether it was meant as a permanent guarantee of Native rights to lands beyond the then-existent colonies, or a mere opportunity for colonists to catch their breath before continuing an aggressive push west.,© Photo"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)© Photo,Even as colonists repeatedly broke the 1763 treaty’s terms throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries through wars of aggression and by taking advantage of divisions within Native tribes through cunning and trickery, many Natives remained loyal to the Crown.,Perhaps nowhere was this better exemplified than in the story of Joseph Brant, an 18th-century Mohawk military and political leader who led his warriors in defense of the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, and whose efforts proved decisive in halting an American advance into what is now Canada.,In return for the loyalty shown by Brant and his fellow Mohawks, Quebec Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand promised that after the war, his people would be granted more than 8,090 square km of land around the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario. However, after the war ended in 1783, the settlers would gradually chip away at their commitments, with the Native-administered area now known as the Six Nations Reserve shrinking to just 183 square km of land, two percent of what Brant was originally promised.,Brant’s story was repeated in one form or another throughout the 19th century, and today just 0.36 percent of Canada’s total landmass has reserve status for its Native communities.,© Wikipedia / National Archives of CanadaJoseph Brant, watercolour by William ArmstrongJoseph Brant, watercolour by William Armstrong© Wikipedia / National Archives of Canada,Discrimination,Notwithstanding decades of recognition by successive governments of the historical injustices done to indigenous people, and lip service to improving their social and economic standing, Canada’s community of 1.67 million Natives continues to struggle with a broad spectrum of problems more typically characterizing countries of the so-called Third World than of a thriving, highly developed First World nation.,The Council of Canadians estimates that some 73 percent of First Nations’ water systems are at medium or high risk of contamination, with dozens of indigenous communities still lacking basic access to clean drinking water, despite billions of dollars in aid doled out by Ottawa every year to developing countries, and over a billion dollars in support sent to Kiev this year amid the Ukrainian security crisis.,Along almost every social indicator, from poverty and access to housing to crime, education, and healthcare, Native communities continue to rank below other Canadians. Nowhere is this exemplified better than in average life expectancy. While other Canadian men and women live on average to an age of 79 and 84 years, respectively, among the First Nations, Metis and Inuit, these figures drop to 72.5 for men and 77.7 for women.。    　　成都8月25日电(记者 刘忠俊)8月25日，成都市住房和城乡建设局、成都市规划和自然资源局、成都市财政局、成都住房公积金管理中心四部门联合印发《关于进一步优化促进房地产市场平稳健康发展相关政策措施的通知》，出台优化土地供应、加大公积金支持、鼓励区县发放购房补贴、支持居民“卖旧买新”和“拆旧建好”等举措。　　在土地供应方面，成都将精准调控、按需供地，结合地块规划条件合理把控供地节奏与布局，延续土地供应“三色”管理，对住宅去化周期偏长的区域适度放缓土地上市节奏，促进土地与住房供需平衡。同时，加快已出让地块周边道路、管网、教育、市政等配套建设，优先推出配套成熟、区位优质的住宅用地。　　针对刚性、改善性住房需求，成都将在天府新区、高新区和中心城区五区适度加大优质住宅用地供应，优化地价评估机制，稳定市场预期，并鼓励房地产开发企业打造性价比高、适销对路的商品住宅。　　新政还优化了住宅建设规划与审批政策，将适时调整120平方米以下刚需户型车位配比，稳定核心规划指标；对户型面积较大、刚需户型占比较高的住宅项目，允许企业分期报规、办证和验收，并推广绿色建材与智能建造技术，降低建设成本。　　在购房消费方面，成都鼓励各区(市)县因地制宜出台支持政策，对团购购房、购置车位、以旧换新等情形发放补贴或消费券。

B | 　　在公积金政策方面，2026年8月25日至12月31日，成都市民购买新建商品房申请公积金贷款的，最低首付比例降至15%，可享受一年期20%的贷款利息补贴，单户最高补贴2.5万元；购买一星级及以上绿色建筑新房的，公积金贷款最高额度可上浮20%。　　为方便居民换房，成都畅通“卖旧买新”置换通道，在保障性租赁住房需求旺盛的区域，支持企业收购二手房改造为保障性租赁住房，并由市、区财政给予补贴。

C | 　　新政明确支持居民“拆旧建好”，在尊重业主意愿的前提下，通过“地随房走”模式依规收购老旧房屋、盘活存量土地，推进老旧片区更新和高品质住宅建设。同时，成都鼓励将存量商办房源改造为保障性租赁住房或社区养老、便民服务等公共配套，并将房票安置适用范围拓展至商业、办公类物业。　　在服务方面，成都将搭建一站式住房消费服务平台，整合楼盘展示、金融咨询、业务办理等服务，打通购房线上线下渠道，简化购房流程。　　在市场监管方面，成都将严管房地产开发企业和中介机构经营行为，重点整治房地产自媒体虚假宣传、违规营销等问题，保障购房者合法权益。　　据了解，《通知》自2026年8月25日起施行，此前成都市相关房地产政策规定与本通知不一致的，以本通知为准。

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